MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING AND DIFFERENTIATION
The management of learning for a range of individual differences involves three main features:-
- Space
- Time
- People
SPACE
How the learning setting is organised affects how and what learning takes place.
Some setting arrangements are more likely to promote activity and variety than others,With this in mind, it is a useful exercise to :-
- Look at the setting you use
- Try out different forms of management of furniture and resources such as arranging seating in U shapes so that no pupils are sitting with their back to the teacher
- Record the impact that such changes make
- Compare them with those made by colleagues.
Some pupils with SEN may require help in adjusting to some of the more independent learner-centred styles of working. They may have had a long experience of being dependent on adults to make decisions, direct activities and sort out problems.
As a result, all kinds of difficulties can arise such as:-
- Finding the instructions
- Understanding the instructions
- Finding the correct worksheets
- Organising the worksheets
- Doing the activities in the correct order etc
Pupils with SEN can be helped in this respect if you establish a well worked routine which can be followed (but not slavishly) which can help the pupils.
Here are some examples of areas where such routines can be followed:-
- Collecting necessary resources
- Organising resources
- Carrying out tasks
- Checking against a checklist that the task is completed
- Carrying out tasks with other pupils
- Clearing away
- Recording progress through the tasks
TIME
Pupils with LD (learning difficulties) benefit from engaging in a variety of activities within a single session to help them sustain concentration.
However two problems arise in relation to the timing of the lesson:-
How long should each part of the lesson last?
How can the variation in speed of work by individual pupils be catered for?
Length:
The length of each part of the lesson will depend on factors such as:-
- the total length of that lesson
- the learning objectives and
- the pupil's level of competence
- the pupil's mood and the time of day
(Concentration may be better in the morning than in the afternoon. Some pupils may find it difficult to settle down on Monday mornings after the week-end or following certain lessons which the pupils have attended immediately prior to your lesson Hot, stuffy classrooms can be soporific while rainy days may mean that the pupils have been bunched up in cloakrooms all through the lunch hour instead of running off their excess energy in the open air)
Variety:
It is important to ensure that there are opportunities for learners to change activities e.g. from listening to speaking, reading or writing.
It is also important to allow time for pupils to sit and discuss what they have achieved
Progress and content:
As each lesson progresses, pupils will complete their work at different points because not all learners work at the same rate.
Coping with the pupil who always finishes first and the pupil who never seems to finish anything can be equally difficult.
Techniques such as drawing up individual work programmes, which allow pupils to work through a series of activities and assignments at his/her own pace can help overcome this problem.
However, in certain instances, this may be neither appropriate nor possible, and in such cases the following suggestions may prove helpful:-
- Set one or two tasks that you know everyone will complete by the end of the session. This helps to prevent the feelings of failure engendered in pupils who never manage to complete a piece of work
- Match pupils according to the pace of their work - in some cases a faster worker can help a slower one. On the other hand, you may prefer homogenous groupings, which allow groups to table more work
- Be clear about your teaching/learning objectives as these will help you focus on the content and timing of the session
- Have a range of activities, related to the subject matter, available for pupils who tend to finish early. This gives them something to get on with and prevents them from distracting others who are still working
Examples include:
- Quizzes
- Word searches and crosswords
- Matching/grouping/sorting activities
There are some pupils who progress through the work relatively slowly but who are relatively able.
Others, on the contrary, always appear to complete tasks relatively quickly but whose standard of achievement is poor.Needless to say that the two categories of learner require different strategies:-
- Encourage the first group to time their work against the clock
- The second group should be asked to evaluate their work, especially written work, in terms of presentation and how it could be improved
- Invite them to re-draft if they wish while providing strong arguments in favour of the importance of good presentation such as using the work for a classroom display etc.
Do not be depressed if individual pupils never seem to get through the work you have planned. It is better to have too much rather than too little, and there is always the next time.
PEOPLE
Often pupils with LD also demonstrate behavioural and social difficulties (BS). Indeed, these two forms of difficulties are often interconnected. In such instances, it is often difficult to ascertain which form of difficulty is the cause and which are the effects.
In many cases the problems that pupils demonstrate in their patterns of behaviour are generated by difficulties experienced in learning. The following may help identify BS problems and may suggest strategies for coping with or avoiding difficulties.
General classroom management strategies:
- Tell the pupils what you are going to do at the beginning of the lesson so that they are aware of the overall pattern of the session
- Start from what is known and familiar and gradually introduce new material
- Ensure that pupils understand what they are being asked to do as frustration can lead to violent and aggressive behaviour
- Avoid confronting individual pupils in front of each other. Take pupils to one side, preferably a quiet room, or suggest you talk later or at the end of the lesson
- Do not expect all pupils to concentrate all of the time: their concentration span may be quite limited. Vary the tone and pitch of your voice and avoid spending too long using one method of input or one activity. Find ways of stimulating curiosity and interest
- Here are examples of activities which can give rise to problems if they to go on for too long:
1. Teacher centred whole class activities such as presenting new language, explaining activities, imitation drills etc. can be the source of unrest if they go on for too long. Try to get pupils involved in a task as effectively and efficiently as possible so that you are not having to maintain their attention or concentration purely though exercising your authority over the class.
2. Oral, pair or group activities should be carefully structured and planned with specific aims and outcomes made explicit to the pupils as well as setting a specific time limit for completion (often no more than a few minutes).
- Set realistic targets and remember to give encouragement and to give praise when a target is reached. It may be an achievement for one pupil to contribute to a discussion and for another to stick to the subject
- Establish ground rules - these can be set through discussion with the whole group. Ask them to consider what behaviour they find irritating and how it can best be coped with. Let them come up with 3 or 4 basic rules of classroom behaviour
- Try to stand back from a situation and decide how far a particular behaviour that is worrying you actually matters. If the rest of the group appear to be undisturbed then it may be best to leave well alone
- Have plenty of back-up material available for pupils who finish assignments quickly
- Gauge the mood of the group - if they appear particularly restless or high-spirited, you may need to alter what you had planned to do by using more formal activities which require a limited amount of classroom movement. Such formal activities are useful ways of defusing situations before they blow up or calming things down before going on to a more stimulating and active task