Professor David Kay

Professor
n/a Photograph of Professor David Kay.

Contact

Email: dvk@aber.ac.uk
Office: C14
Phone: +44 (0)1570 423 565
Fax: +44 (0)1570 423 565

Responsibilities

  • Member of the IGES Advisory Committee
  • Head of Centre for Research into Environment and Health

Teaching Areas

Modules Taught

Module coordinator for:

  • Water Quality And Health (EA30810)
  • Water Quality And Health (EA30810)

Contributes to:

  • Advanced Research Skills (EAM1120)

Research

Group Affiliation

Research Interests

Catchment microbial dynamics and modelling has formed the core of our team's research agenda since my own PhD programme in the late 1970s. Modelling fluxes of indicator bacteria and pathogens to places where people come into contact with them is important for the management of bathing and shellfish harvesting waters and, to a lesser extent, where drinking water is abstracted. In environmental modelling terms catchment microbial dynamics have received much less research attention than, for example, the nutrient parameters. However, the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), published in 2000, now places a legal requirement on the regulators to manage both 'point' and 'diffuse' sources of microbial pollution to achieve 'good' status in 'protected areas' such as bathing waters and shellfish harvesting areas. This has created a new imperative for the academic community to develop microbial modelling. In 2004, we completed the first bacterial modelling study on the UK's sentinel research catchment for WFD implementation, the Ribble. The next 'big' question once we have reliable modelling tools is to assess the impacts of potential 'remedial' measures in reducing microbial flux to protected areas. The first UK studies in this area were completed in 2005 in Scotland. In these investigations we were able to assess the impacts of farm-based measures such as fencing streams and/or dirty water control on total catchment fluxes. The objective here is to use the scientific data to inform the policy makers now designing new instruments for the support of the farming community as we move away from 'production based' payments towards a 'single farm payment' following the mid term review of the Common Agricultural Policy in 2003. A further 'big' question arising as we seek to understand the impacts on marine and lacustrine nearshore waters is how we link the 'catchment flux' models with 'nearshore hydrodynamic' models. The latter have undergone considerable improvement in recent years which was needed to provide accurate prediction in shallow waters. We have developed a series of linked models with our colleagues in Cardiff University (Professor Roger Falconer's team) in which we have incorporated for the first time 'real time' decay coefficients. These modelling studies were supported by NERC, EPSRC, EU and Environment Agency funding.

Recreational and drinking water epidemiology is the second major theme of our group's work. This has developed from the catchment microbial dynamics and seeks to quantify the actual health effects when people come into contact with ‘environmental’ waters. With medical colleagues such as Dr Ros Stanwell Smith and Dr Roland Salmon, we developed a new protocol using a ‘semi-blind randomised’ trial using healthy adult volunteers. This protocol has been adopted by the WHO and was replicated in recent studies funded by the German Government. We have now completed (Sept 2007) further EU FP6 funded epidemiological studies in Mediterranean and Hungarian waters employing this protocol. US researchers in Florida have also applied the protocol using our questionnaires.

The results from our original UK studies were selected by a WHO expert panel to form the basis of the new WHO guidelines for recreational waters published in 2003. These Guidelines were also informed by the work on catchment microbial dynamics outlined above which was presented at a meeting of the WHO in Farnham in 2002. This led to a new type of regulation which, put simply, incorporates ‘discounting’ of results when a compliance area is impacted by ‘natural’ fluxes of bacteria from catchment systems which are not caused by sewage spills. This approach has also been incorporated into an amended EU Bathing Water Directive published in 2006. Thus, the catchment microbial dynamics and epidemiology have together impacted directly on the international policy debate and formed the scientific evidence-base for much of the new WHO and EU standards. In addition to the current epidemiological field studies in Europe, we are developing new molecular methods of viral pathogen enumeration in recreational waters, through EU FP6 funding. The EU FP6 projects coordinated through Aberystwyth represent a research agenda defined in Article 14 of the 2006 Bathing Water Directive. They have been commissioned to provide the evidence-base for a report from the Commission to the EU Parliament in 2008 which will address the potential for virus measurements and new epidemiological data for bathing beach management. This research is led from Aberystwyth.

Our close collaboration with WHO, USEPA, CDC and World Bank scientists since 1989 has also led to publications on risk assessment from water and sanitation, problems of chemical exposures and global disease burden assessment. Our team edited the recent WHO synthesis text on health risk assessment and co-authored five chapters. This capacity in the emerging science of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) has formed the basis of a further collaboration with scientists at Cardiff University Medical School (Professor Ian Matthews) Birmingham University (Professor Roy Harrison) and the University of East Anglia (Dr Alan Bond). This consortium has, since 2001, provided over 100 separate HIAs for the Environment Agency ranging from incineration through to BSE prion risks, the latter report forming the EA evidence on environmental transmission to the national SEAC committee in 2005. We are further developing the theory and application of HIA within three separate EPSRC-funded projects covering, sustainable water systems, in new development, riverine flooding, and sewer spills.

Research Income

David Kay’s HESA research spend returned by Aberystwyth Jan 2001- July 2007

Central Government £140,000
EC Government £1,169,221
EU Other sources  
Overseas other sources (e.g. WHO) £328,566
Research Councils £540,402
UK Charity  
UK Industry £1,707,966
UK other sources £92,395
Total £3,978,949

Collaborators

The team of full-time Aberystwyth University staff working in these areas since 2001 include:

  • Mr Daniel Bennett
  • Mr Thomas Chibnall
  • Dr Lorna Fewtrell
  • Mrs Paula Hopkins
  • Mr Matthew Hopkins
  • Mr Nigel Hollett
  • Mr Chris Kay
  • Mr Duncan McDonald
  • Dr Keren Smith
  • Dr Carl Stapleton
  • Dr Mark Wyer
  • Dr Peter Wyn-Jones

Working closely with our team of associates including

  • Dr David Casemore (CREH Analytical, Leeds, UK)
  • Dr Rachel Chalmers (HPa, National Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Swansea, UK)
  • Dr John Crowther (University of Wales Lampeter, UK)
  • Dr Tony Edwards (Independent Consultant, Aberdeenshire, UK)
  • Ms Carol Francis (CREH Analytical, Leeds, UK)
  • Dr Nick Humphrey (Independent Consultant, Wales, UK)
  • Dr Norman Lowe OBE (Independent Consultant, Wales UK)
  • Mr Huw Morgan (Independent Consultant, Swansea, UK)
  • Prof John Stoner OBE (Honorary Professor IGES, Wales, UK)
  • Dr Chris Stretton (Independent Consultant, Wales, UK)
  • Mr John Watkins (CREH Analytical, Leeds, UK)

Scientific collaborators with whom we hold grants led by Aberystwyth University

  • Professor J Bartram (WHO, Geneva, Switzerland)
  • Dr Alan Bond (Environmental Science, UEA, UK)
  • Dr Richard Carr (WHO, Geneva, Switzerland)
  • Dr Nigel Cook (Central Science Laboratory, York, UK)
  • Professor Alan Elliot (Bangor, Marine Science, UK)
  • Professor Annalaura Carducci (Università di Pisa, Italy)
  • Dr Ingrid Chorus (WaBoLu, UWA, Berlin, Germany)
  • Dr Nigel Cook (Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, UK)
  • Dr Maurizio Divizia (Tor Vergata University, Italy)
  • Dr Al Dufour (USEPA, Cincinnati, USA )
  • Dr Maria Figueras (University of Rovira, Virgili, Spain)
  • Dr Jay Fleisher (Davies, Florida)
  • Dr Christophe Gantzer (University Henri Poincaré, Nancy, France)
  • Dr Andy Gawler (Environment Agency, Exeter, UK)
  • Dr Rosina Girones (University of Barcelona, Spain)
  • Professor Roy Harrison (School of Geography, Birmingham, UK)
  • Professor Christiane Hoeller (Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Germany)
  • Professor Paul Hunter (Medical School, UEA, UK)
  • Dr Ana Maria de Roda Husman, Rijksinstituut loor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Netherlands)
  • Dr Michael Kadar (National Institute of Hygiene, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Professor Ian Matthews (Cardiff, Medical School, UK)
  • Professor Adrian McDonald (Geography, Leeds, UK)
  • Professor Beata Mizak, (National Veterinary Research Institute, State Research Institute, Poland)
  • Dr Michele Muslillo (Istituto Superiore Sanità, Italy)
  • Professor Maria Nascimento (Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal)
  • Dr George Papageorgiou (State General Laboratory, Cyprus)
  • Dr Juan Lopez Pila (Umweltbundesamt, UWA, Berlin, Germany)
  • Dr Annette Pruss (WHO, Geneva, Switzerland)
  • Dr Roland Salmon (Director, NPHS, CDSC, Cardiff)
  • Dr Jane Sellwood (National Virology Reference Laboratory, HPa, Reading, UK)
  • Dr Marta Vargha (National Institute of Hygiene, Budapest, Hungary)

Research Assistants

Biography

David Kay joined IGES in 1998 from Leeds University where he was Executive Director the Leeds Environment Centre. He now leads the Centre For Research into Environment and Health (CREH), an academic research team of approximately 10 staff responsible for almost £4m of HESA spend through Aberystwyth University over the RAE 2008 assessment period. Academic outputs from this funding are seen in over 100 publications and reports since 2001. CREH led development of the microbiological standards for new WHO Guidelines for recreational waters in 2003 and have coordinated two large EUFP6 projects which are still ongoing to inform the Commission on the health effects of bathing water exposures (EPIBATHE) and the potential for new molecular methods of pathogenic virus detection as a regulatory tool in EU bathing waters (VIROBATHE). Significant RCUK funding within the WaND, FRMC and REVISIONS consortia as well as WHO and World Bank resources have been devoted to developing the new discipline of Health Impact Assessment (HIA), resulting in three Research Monographs edited by the CREH team and published by the International Water Association and WHO in 2001 and 2008. David Kay serves on the NERC strategy and grants committee for the new Environment and Human Health programme and has acted as consultant and/or adviser to WHO, EU-DGENV and USEPA on recreational water quality and HIA. He has advised most UK regulators and governments on related areas since 2001.

Staff Publications

Peer Reviewed Books, Book Chapters & Journal Articles

2012

  1. Kay, D. and Fricker, C. (Eds) (2012) Faecal Indicators and pathogens. Proceedings of the 2011 FIPs Conference, Edinburgh. Royal Society of Chemistry, London.  210p. (in press).
  2. Wyer, M.D., Wyn-Jones, P., Kay, D., Au-Young, C., Girones, R., Lopez-pila, J., de Roda Husman, A.M., Rutjes, S. and Schneider, O. (2012) Relationships between human adenoviruses and indicator organisms in European recreational waters. Water Research (under editorial consideration)
  3. Kay, D., Crowther, J., Davies, C., Edwards, A., Fewtrell, L., Francis, C., Kay, C., McDonald, A., Stapleton, ., Watkins, J., and Wyer, M. (2012) Faecal indicators and pathogens: expanding opportunities for the microbiology community. Chapter 1 in Kay, D. and Fricker, C. (Eds) (2012) Faecal Indicators and pathogens. Proceedings of the 2011 FIPs Conference, Edinburgh. Royal Society of Chemistry, London.  p1-17. (in press).
  4. Fewtrell, L., Davies, C., Francis, C., Jones, H., Watkins, J., and Kay, D. (2012) Microbiology of sustainable water systems: rainwater harvesting a UK perspective. Chapter 19 in in Kay, D. and Fricker, C. (Eds) (2012) Faecal Indicators and pathogens. Proceedings of the 2011 FIPs Conference, Edinburgh. Royal Society of Chemistry, London.  p167-176. (in press).
  5. Kay. D., Crowther, J., Davies, C., Edwards, A., Fewtrell, L., Francis, C., Kay, C., McDonald, A., Stapleton, C., Watkins, J. and Wyer, M. (2012) Impacts of agriculture on water-borne pathogens. In Hester, R.E. and Harrison, R.M. (Eds) Impacts of agriculture on water-borne pathogens. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Series, Volume 34, Royal Society of Chemistry. London. (in press)
  6. Dufour, A., Wade, T. and Kay, D. (2012) A Review of Epidemiological Studies on Swimmer Health Effects Associated with Potential Exposure to Zoonotic Pathogens in Bathing Beach Water. Chapter 10,  In Bos, R. and Bartram, J. (Eds) Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health: WHO - Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease series. International Water Association and WHO, London. (in press).
  7. Kay, D., Crowther, J., Kay, C., McDonald, A.T., Ferguson, C., Stapleton, C.M., and Wyer, M.D (2012) Effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs) for attenuating the transport of livestock-derived pathogens within catchments. In Bos, R. and Bartram, J. (Eds) Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health: WHO - Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease series. International Water Association and WHO, London. (in press).
  8. Ferguson, C. and Kay, D. (2012) Transport of microbial pollution in catchment systems. In Bos, R. and Bartram, J. (Eds) Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health: WHO - Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease series. International Water Association and WHO, London. (in press).
  9. R.A. Falconer, R.A., Lin, B., Rauen, M., Stapleton, C.M. and Kay, D. (2012) Modelling Bacteria and Trace Metal Fluxes in Estuarine Basins. Proceedings of  Gerhard H. Jirka Memorial Colloquium. IAHR, London.

2011

  1. McDonald, A.T., Clarke, M., Boden, P. and Kay, D. (2011) Social Justice and Water. Chapter 5.  In Hester, R.E. and Harrison, R.M. (Eds) Sustainable Water. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, 31. Royal Society of Chemistry. London. Pages 91-113.
  2. Hunter, P.R., Anderle de Sylor, M., Risebro, H.L., Nichols, G.L., Kay, D., Hartemann, P. (2011) Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of the risks from very small rural water supplies. Risk Analysis. 31(2), 228-236. (DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01499).
  3. Wyn-Jones, A.P., Carducci, A., Cook, N., D’Agostino, M., Divizia, M.,  Fleischer, J., Gantzer, C., Gawler, A., Girones, R., Höller, C., de Roda Husman, A.,  Kay, D.,  Kozyra, I.,  López-Pila, J., Muscillo, M., São José Nascimento, M., Papageorgiou, G.,  Rutjes, S., Sellwood, J., Szewzyk, R. and Wyer, M.D. (2011) Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters. Water Research 45, 1025-1038. (doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.015).
  4. Kinzelman, J., Kay, D. and Pond, K (2011) Relating MST Results to faecal indicators Pathogens and Standards. Chapter 15 pp. 337-360. In Hagedorn, C., Blanch, A.R. and Harwood, V.J. Eds.  Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-9385-4.
  5. Hampson, D., Crowther, J., Bateman, I., Kay, D., Posen, P.,  Stapleton, C., Wyer, M.,  Fezzi, C., Jones, P. and Tzanopoulos, J. (2011) Predicting microbial pollution concentrations in UK rivers in response to land use change Water Research (in press) (Doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.062).
  6. Crowther, J., Hampson, D., Bateman, I., Kay, D., Posen, P., Stapleton, C. and Wyer, M. (2011) Generic modelling of faecal indicator organism concentrations in the UK. Water 3, 682-701. doi:10.3390/w3020682
  7. Fewtrell, L., Kay, D.,  Smith, K., Watkins, J.,  Davies, C. and Francis, C. (2011) The microbiology of urban UK floodwaters and a quantitative microbial risk assessment of flooding and gastrointestinal illness.  Journal of Flood Risk Management 4, 77-87. (DOI:10.1111/j.1753-318X.2011.01092.x).
  8. Robinson, G., Chalmers, R.M., Stapleton, C.M., Palmer, S.R., Watkins, J., Francis, C. and Kay, D. (2011) A whole water catchment approach to investigating the origin and distribution of Cryptosporidium species. Journal for Applied Microbiology 111, 717-730.

2010

  1. Kay, D. Anthony, S., Crowther, J. Chambers, B., Nicholson, F., Chadwick, D., Stapleton, C. and Wyer, M. (2010) Microbial water pollution: a screening tool for initial catchment-scale assessment and source apportionment Science of the Total Environment 408, 5649-5656.  (Doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.033).
  2. Wyer, M., Kay, D., Watkins, J., Davies, C., Kay, C., Thomas, R., Porter, J., Stapleton., C. and Moore, H. (2010) Evaluating short-term changes in recreational water quality during a hydrograph event using combined microbial tracer experiments, environmental microbiology, source tracking and hydrological techniques. Water Research 44, 4783-4795. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.047)
  3. Chalmers, R.,M., Robinson, G., Elwin, K., Hadfield, S.J., Thomas, E., Watkins, J. and Kay, D. (2010) Detection of Cryptosporidium species and sources  of contamination with Cryptosporidium hominis during an waterborne outbreak in north west Wales. Journal of Water and Health 8(2), 311-325. (Doi: 10.2166/wh.2009.185).
  4. Kay, C., Wyer, M., Stapleton, C., Edwards, A., Davies, C., Francis, C., Watkins, J., Matthews, R., Clarke, A., Davies, O., McDonald, A. and Kay, D. (2010) Environmental benefits and impacts of farm ponds and wetlands: some preliminary findings from Scotland and Wales. pp 111-145, In Crighton, K. and Audsley, R. (Eds) Climate, Water and Soil: Science, Policy and Practice. Proceedings of the SAC and SEPA Biennial Conference, Edinburgh,  400p, Published by SAC, Edinburgh www.sac.ac.uk; ISBN 1 85482 875 4.
  5. Stapleton, C.M., Kay, D., Wyer, M. D., Davies, C., Watkins, J., Kay, C., McDonald, A.T. and Crowther, J.  (2010) Identification of microbial risk factors in shellfish harvesting waters: the Loch Etive case study.  Aquaculture Research 42, 1-20 (Special Issue on the Proceedings of the Scottish Aquaculture: A Sustainable Future? Symposium, 21-22 April 2009, Edinburgh; ISSN 1365-2109 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02666.x).
  6. Gourmelon, M., Caprais, M.P.,  Kay, D. et Stapleton, C.M. (2010) Techniques de dépistage des sources de pollution microbiennes : méthodologies, application et retour d'expériences concernant l’identification des pollutions en zones littorales en France et au Royaume-Uni. Techniques Sciences Methods 4, 54-64.
  7. Wither, A., Stapleton, C., Wyer, M., McDonald, A., Kay, D. (2010) Climate change impacts on microbial pollution of Bathing and Shellfish Waters. ‘Report Card’ on Climate Change. Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership, Prepared by CEFAS for DEFRA. http://newsweaver.co.uk/coastmapnews/e_article001305349.cfm?x=bf094hr,b6km8gb2,w
  8. Bridge, J., Oliver, D.M., Chadwick, D., Godfrey, C.J., Heathwaite, L., Kay, D., Maheswaran, R., McGonigle, D., Nichols, G. and Pickup, R. (2010) Minimising the waterborne disease burden in affluent nations: a key role for environmental sciences. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 88, 873–875. doi:10.2471/BLT.09.072512 http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/11/09-072512.pdf  |

2009

  1. Stapleton, C.M., Kay, D., Wyer, M.D., Davies, C., Watkins, J., Kay, C., McDonald, A.T., Porter, J., Gawler, A. (2009) Evaluating the operational utility of a bacteroidales quantitative PCR-based MST approach in determining the source of faecal indicator organisms at a UK bathing water. Water Research 43, 4888-4899.  (DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.015).
  2. McDonald, A.T., Boden, P., Clarke, M. And Kay, D. (2009) Assessing Yorkshire Water’s impact on the Regional Economy. Yorkshire and Humber Regional Review 19(2), 9-13.
  3. Kay, D., McDonald, A.T., Stapleton, C.M., Wyer, M.D. and Crowther, J. (2009) Catchment to coastal systems: managing microbial pollutants in bathing and shellfish harvesting waters. In Jenkins, A. and Ferrier, B. (Eds.) (2009) Catchment Management Handbook.Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, ISBN 9781405171229, pp.181-208.
  4. Kay, D. (2009) Water Management. In Kitchin, R. and Thrift, N. (Eds) International Encyclopedia of Human Geography 12, pp 207-214. ISBN 978-0-08-044911-1.
  5. Rees, G., Pond, K., Kay, D. and Domingo, S. (2009) (Eds.) Safe management of shellfish and  harvest waters. Published jointly by International Water Association and World Health Organization 358p. ISBN9781843392255.
  6. Kay, D., Lee, R., Wyer, M.D. and Stapleton, C.S. (2009) Integrated catchment studies: source identification and modelling. In Rees, G., Pond, K., Kay, D. and Domingo, S. (Eds.) Safe management of shellfish and  harvest waters. Published jointly by International Water Association and World Health Organization 358p. ISBN9781843392255.
  7. Kay, D., Lee, R., Wyer, M.D. and Stapleton, C.S. (2009) Profiling shellfish harvesting waters for public health protection. In Rees, G., Pond, K., Kay, D. and Domingo, S. (Eds.) Safe management of shellfish and  harvest waters. Published jointly by International Water Association and World Health Organization 358p. ISBN9781843392255.
  8. Rees, G. and Kay, D. (2009) Framework for change. In Rees, G., Pond, K., Kay, D. and Domingo, S. (Eds.) Safe management of shellfish and  harvest waters. Published jointly by International Water Association and World Health Organization 358p. ISBN 9781843392255.

2008

  1. Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. (Eds.) (2008) A guide to the health impact assessment of sustainable water management. International Water Association, Amsterdam. 320p http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=isbn1843391333 ISBN
  2. Fewtrell, L., Kay, D., Matthews, I., Utzinger, J. and Bos R. (2008) An introduction to health impact assessment. In Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. (Eds.) (2008) A guide to the health impact assessment of sustainable water management. International Water Association, Amsterdam. Chapter 1. http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=isbn1843391333 ISBN 13:9781843391333.
  3. Fewtrell, L., Kay, D. and McDonald, A.T. (2008) Rainwater harvesting – an HIA of rainwater harvesting in the UK. In Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. (Eds.) (2008) A guide to the health impact assessment of sustainable water management. International Water Association, Amsterdam. Chapter 3. http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=isbn1843391333 ISBN 13:9781843391333.
  4. Fewtrell, L., Kay, D. and Kellagher, R. (2008) HIA of sustainable drainage options in the UK. In Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. (Eds.) (2008) A guide to the health impact assessment of sustainable water management. International Water Association, Amsterdam. Chapter 4. http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=isbn1843391333 ISBN 13:9781843391333.
  5. Fewtrell, L., Kay, D., Jeffrey, P. and Jefferson, B. (2008) HIA of grey water reuse in the UK. In Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. (Eds.) (2008) A guide to the health impact assessment of sustainable water management. International Water Association, Amsterdam. Chapter 5. http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=isbn1843391333 ISBN 13:9781843391333.
  6. Fewtrell, L., Kay, D. and Ashley, R. (2008) Flooding and health – an HIA of urban pluvial flooding in the UK. In Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. (Eds.) (2008) A guide to the health impact assessment of sustainable water management. International Water Association, Amsterdam. Chapter 6
  7. Kay, D., Crowther, J., Stapleton, C.M., Wyer, M.D., Anthony, S., Bradford, M., Edwards, A., Fewtrell, L., Francis, C., Hopkins, M., Kay, C., McDonald, A.T., Watkins, J. and Wilkinson, J. (2008) Faecal indicator organism concentrations and catchment export coefficients in the UK. Water Research 42, 2649-2661. (DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.017).
  8. Kay, D., Stapleton, C.M., Crowther, J., Wyer, M.D., Fewtrell, L., Edwards, A., McDonald, A.T., Watkins, J., Francis, F. and Wilkinson, J. (2008) Faecal indicator organism compliance parameter concentrations in sewage and treated effluents. Water Research 42, 442-454. (DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.036).
  9. Kay, D., Crowther, J., Fewtrell, L., Francis, C., Hopkins, M., Kay, C., McDonald, A.T., Stapleton, C.M., Watkins, J., Wilkinson, J. and Wyer, M.D. (2008) Quantification and control of microbial pollution from agriculture: a new policy challenge? Environment Science and Policy 11, 171-184. (DOI:10.1016/j.envsci.2007.10.009).
  10. Stapleton, C. M., Wyer, M. D., Crowther, J., McDonald, A.T., Kay, D., Greaves, J., Wither, A., Watkins, J., Francis, C., Humphrey, N. and Bradford, M. (2008) Quantitative catchment profiling to apportion faecal indicator organism budgets for the Ribble system, the UK’s sentinel drainage basin for Water Framework Directive research. Journal of Environmental Management 87, 535-550. (DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.11.035).
  11. McDonald, A.T., McDonald, D., Kay, D. and Watkins, J. (2008) Characteristics and significance of liquid effluent from woodchip corrals in Scotland. Journal of Environmental Management 87, 582-590. (DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.04.029).
  12. Edwards, A.C. and Kay, D. (2008) Farmyards an overlooked source of highly contaminated runoff. Journal of Environmental Management 87, 551-559. (DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.027).
  13. Kay, D., Kershaw, S., Lee, R., Wyer, M.D., Watkins, J. and Francis, C. (2008) Results of field investigations into the impact of intermittent sewage discharges on the microbiological quality of wild mussels (M. edulis) in a tidal estuary. Water Research 42, 3033-3046 (DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2008.03.020).
  14. Fewtrell L, Kay D (2008) An attempt to quantify the health impacts of flooding in the UK using an urban case study. Public Health 122, 446-451. (DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.09.010).
  15. D’Arcy BJ, Mclean N, Heal K and Kay D (2008)  Enhancing the self purification capacity of watercourses.  Water Science & Technology 56 (1): 49-57.

2007

  1. Kay, D., Aitken, M., Crowther, J., Dickson, I., Edwards, A.C., Francis, C., Hopkins, M., Jeffrey, W., Kay, C., McDonald, A.T., McDonald, D., Stapleton, C.M., Watkins, J., Wilkinson, J. and Wyer, M. (2007) Reducing fluxes of faecal indicator compliance parameters to bathing waters from diffuse agricultural sources, the Brighouse Bay study, Scotland. Environmental Pollution 147, 139-149. (DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.019).
  2. Kay, D., Edwards, A.C., Ferrier, B., Francis, C., Kay, C., Rushby, L. Watkins, J., McDonald, A.T., Wyer, M., Crowther, J. and Wilkinson, J. (2007) Catchment microbial dynamics: the emergence of a research agenda. Progress in Physical Geography 31(1), 59-76. (DOI:10.1177/0309133307073882).
  3. Fewtrell, L., Smith, L., Kay, D. and Bartram, J. (2007) Quantifying the global disease burden due to fluoride in drinking water. Journal of Water and Health 4(4), 533-542. (DOI:10.2166/wh.2006.045).
  4. Stapleton, C.M., Wyer, M.D., Kay, D., Crowther, J., Walters, M., Gawler, A. and Hindle, T. (2007) Microbial source tracking: a forensic technique for microbial source identification? Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9, 427-439. (DOI:10.1039/b617059e).
  5. Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. (2007) Microbial quality of rainwater supplies in developed countries: a review. Urban Water Journal 4(4), 1-8. (DOI:10.1080/15730620701526097).
  6. Kay, D. Watkins, J., Francis, C.A., Wyn-Jones, A.P., Stapleton, C.M., Fewtrell , L., Wyer, M.D. and Drury, D. (2007) The microbiological quality of seven large commercial private water supplies in the United Kingdom. Journal of Water and Health 5(4), 523-538. (DOI:10.2166/wh.2007.042).
  7. Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. (2007) Quantitative microbial risk assessment with respect to Campylobacter spp. in toilets flushed with harvested rainwater. Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 21, 275-292. (DOI:10.1111/j.1747-6593.2007.00088.x).
  8. Fewtrell L, Kay D. (2007) Health impact assessments of water management options in the UK. Proceedings of: Water Management Challenges in Global Change, Eds: Ulanicki, B, Vairavamoorthy, K, Butler, D, Bounds, P.L.M. and Memon, F.A., Taylor & Francis, London, Pages 653-658.

 2006

  1. Kay, D., Ashbolt, N., Wyer, M.D., Fleisher, J.M., Fewtrell, L., Rogers, A. and Rees, G. (2006) Comment on ‘Derivation of numerical values for the World Health Organization guidelines for recreational waters’ A Reply. Water Research 40(3), 1921-1926. (DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2006.02.009)
  2. Wilkinson, J., Kay, D., Wyer, M.D. and Jenkins, A. (2006) Processes driving the episodic flux of faecal indicator organisms in streams impacting on recreational and shellfish harvesting waters. Water Research 40(1), 153-161. (DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2005.11.001).
  3. Fleisher, J.M and Kay, D. (2006) Risk perception bias, self-reporting of illness, and validity of reported results in an epidemiologic study of recreational illness. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, 264-268. (DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.08.019).
  4. Kay, D., McDonald, A.T., Stapleton, C.M., Wyer, M.D. and Fewtrell, L. (2006) Europe: a challenging new framework for water quality. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Water Management 159, 58-64.
  5. Kay, D., J Watkins, J. and Fewtrell, L. (2006) An evaluation of public health issues associated with, or arising from, drainage-based infection spread. Building Services Engineering, Research and Technology 27(2), 119-125.
  6. Boldo, E., S. Medina, F. Kozisek, K. Cambra, M. Gonzalez, A. Le Tertre, P. Beaudeau, P. Pirard, D. Mouly, N. Stilianakis, O. Mekel, K. Pond, D. Kay, R. Aergeerts, M. Posada, M. J. Carroquino, A. Ramirez, S. Elreedy, D. Dalbokova and M. Krzyzanowski (2006). Assessing the implementation of health impact assessment for drinking-water pollution in European countries. Epidemiology 17(6), S446-S446.
  7. Kay, D., Stapleton, C. M., Wyer, M. D., McDonald, A. T., and Crowther, J. (2006) Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL). The USEPA approach to managing faecal indicator fluxes to receiving waters: Lessons for UK environmental regulation? L. Gairns, C. Crighton, and W.A. Jeffrey (Eds) Agriculture and the Environment VI; Managing Rural Diffuse Pollution. Proceedings of the SAC/SEPA Biennial Conference, Edinburgh. International Water Association, Scottish Agricultural College, Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, Edinburgh, ISBN: 1-901322-63-7, pp. 23-33.
  8. Merrilees, D. W., Dickson, J. W., Jeffrey, W. A., and Kay, D. (2006) A risk assessment and mitigation strategy to minimise livestock pollution to surface waters. L. Gairns, C. Crighton, and W. A. Jeffrey (Eds.) Agriculture and the Environment VI; Managing Rural Diffuse Pollution. Proceedings of the SAC/SEPA Biennial Conference, Edinburgh. International Water Association, Scottish Agricultural College, Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, Edinburgh, ISBN: 1-901322-63-7, pp. 128-136.
  9. Bateman, I., Andrews, J., Brouwer, R., Davies, H., Day, B., Deflandre, A., Salvatore, Di F., Georgiou, S., Hadley, D., Hutchins, M., Jickells, T., Jones, A.P., Kay, D., Leeks, G., Lewis, M., Lovett, A., Neal, C., Posen, P., Rigby, D., heldon, E., Turner, K. (2006) Catchment Hydrology, Resources, Economics and Management (ChREAM): Integrated Modelling of Rural Land Use & Farm Income Impacts of the WFD and its Potential Non-Market Benefits. Journal of Agricultural Economics 57(2), 221-237.
  10. Pond, K., Kim, R., Kay, D., Aertgeerts, R., and Dalbokova, D. (2006) Development of water and sanitation indicators to monitor children's Health. Epidemiology 171(6), S181.
  11. Lee, R.J. and Kay, D. (2006). Towards a wider application of risk management to bivalve molluscan shellfisheries. In: Henshilwood K. et al (eds.) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Molluscan Shellfish Safety, Galway, Ireland, June 14th-18th, 2004, pp 472-480.

 

Reports Published by Commissioning Agencies Since 2007

2011   

  1. Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. (2011) Carlisle Flooding: Health Impact Assessment. Final Report by CREH for the EPSRC Flood Risk Management Consortium. Report SWP 3.1, Project Website www.floodrisk.org.uk. CREH Aberystwyth University, 84pp.

2010

  1. Kay, C., Edwards, A., Watkins, J., Davies, C., Francis, C., Stapleton, C., Wyer, M.D. and Kay, D. (2010) The use of farm ponds to reduce pollution from farm dirty water, performance and effectiveness: Final report for project FF/05/23. Scottish Government Edinburgh, 192p with Tables and Figures.
  2. Stapleton, C, Wyer, M., Wagstaff, L. and Kay, D (2010) Reassessment of the trophic status of St Aubin’s Bay, Jersey 2009-10. Final Report Nov. 210p with Tables and Figures.
  3. Stapleton, C.M., Kay, D., Kay, C., Chibnal, T., Watkins, J., Davies, C. and Francis, C. (2010) Ultraviolet treatment of CSO effluent: pilot plant trials at Scarborough and Bridlington WwTWs. Final Report to Yorkshire Water Services and Arup Ltd. 55p.
  4. Kay, C., Crowther, J., McDonald, A.T., Stapleton, C.M., Wyer, M..D. and Kay, D. (2010) Source Strengths and Attenuation of Faecal Indicators Derived from Livestock Farming Activities: Literature Review Draft Interim Report for DEFRA Project WQ0203 Demonstration Test Catchments Initiative. 33p. (with DEFRA Permission: under editorial consideration for publication by WHO and IWA in In Bos, R. and Bartram, J. (Eds) Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health: WHO - Emerging Issues in Water and Infectious Disease series. International Water Association and WHO, London. (in press).
  5. Wyer, M. and Kay, D. (2010) Faecal indicator source apportionment for Swansea Bay: a desk study: Report to Environment Agency, Wales, CREH Report, Aberystwyth University, 71pp.

 2009

  1. Davies, C., Kay, C., Kay, D., McDonald, A. T., Stapleton, C. M., Watkins, J. and Wyer, M. D. (2009) Verification of Bacteroidetes microbial source tracking with empirical ground truth data.  United Kingdom Water Industry Research (UKWIR) Report 08/WW/11/12.  ISBN: 1 84057 527 1. http://www.ukwir.org/ukwirlibrary/92744
  2. Davies, C., Francis, C., Kay, D., Watkins, J. and Wyer, M. (2009). Health impact assessment of domestic rainwater harvesting systems. CREH report to Dwr Cymru / Welsh Water and MWH Ltd. 23p.
  3. Wyer, M. and Kay, D. (2009). A statistical analysis of selected heavy metal concentrations in ambient air around Swansea. A report  to the City and County of Swansea Environment Department. CREH. 6p Plus Figures and Tables (12 pages).
  4. Wyer, M., Kay, D., Stapleton, C., Kay, C., Watkins, J. and Davies, C. (2009). Investigation into poor bathing water quality at Haverigg Bathing Water. A report to Environment Agency North West Region. CREH. 43p Plus Figures and Tables (76 pages).
  5. Kay, D., Wyer, M.D., Au-Yeung, C., Bartram, J., Figueras, M., Hunter, P., Kadar, M., Vargha, M., Salmon, R., Thomas, D. (2009) Epibathe Period 2 and Final Activity Report Submitted to the European Community DG-RTD, Contract 022618, under Framework Programme 6, 495pp. (http://www.epibathe.eu/).
  6. Kay, D., Wyer, M.D., Au-Yeung, C., Bartram, J., Figueras, M., Hunter, P., Kadar, M., Vargha, M., Salmon, R., Thomas, D. (2009) Epibathe ‘Accessible’ Public Report. Submitted to the European Community DGRTD, Contract 022618, under Framework Programme 6, 14pp. (http://www.epibathe.eu/).
  7. Wyer, M., Kay, D., Stapleton, C., Watkins, J., Davies, C. and Moore, H. (2009). An investigation into bathing water quality at Amroth, Pembrokeshire. A report to Environment Agency Wales (Contract ID 21771). CREH. 24p Plus Figures and Tables (37 pages).
  8. Wyer, M., Kay, D., Stapleton, C. and Thomas, R. (2009). Results of microbial source tracking (MST) DNA analysis of samples from the investigation into bathing water quality at Amroth, August 2008. A report to Environment Agency Wales (Contract ID 21771). CREH. 4p Plus Appendix (2 pages).
  9. Wyer, M.D. and Kay, D. (2009). Assessment of bathing water quality for the States of Jersey 2008. A report to Environmental Protection, States of Jersey. CREH. 14p Plus Figures, Tables and Appendices (57 pages). (Available online: http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Environment/Environmental+Protection/BathingWater.htm

 2008

  1. Magill, S., Black, K., Kay, D., Stapleton, C., Kershaw, S., Lees, D., Lowther, J., Francis, C., Watkins, J. and Davies, C. (2008). Risk factors in shellfish harvesting areas.  Final Project Report prepared for Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum.  SARF013/SAMS Report No. 256.  Scottish Association for Marine Science, Centre for Research into Environment and Health and CEFAS. http://www.sarf.org.uk/Project Final Reports/SARF013 - RISK_FACTORS_IN_SHELLFISH_HARVESTING_AREAS - 23June2008.pdf
  2. Davies, C., Kay, D., Kay, C., McDonald, A.,Moore, H., Stapleton, C., Watkins, J. and Wyer, M. (2008). Mirobial tracer study of selected inputs into the Guernsey coastal zone. A report to the States of Guernsey, Public services Department. CREH. 26p. available online at: http://www.gov.gg/ccm/cms-service/download/asset/?asset_id=11226081.
  3. Wyer, M., Stapleton, C. and Kay, D. (2008) Nutrient flux source apportionment for St Aubin’s Bay, Jersey, 2007. A report to Transport and Technical Services, States of Jersey. CREH. 24p Plus Figures and Tables (52 pages).
  4. Fewtrell, L. and Kay, D. (2008) Health impact assessment of water management options. Report Reference No. 08/EQ/02/1. UK Water Industry Research Limited. 37 pages ISBN: 1 84057 475 5. (Available online: http://www.ukwir.org/site/web/content/home)
  5. Kay, D., Fewtrell, L. and Hunter, P. (2008) Recreational Water Exposures: a literature review. R&D Project HH FA23. Environment Agency, Bristol.
  6. Kay, D., Wyer, M.D., Au-Yeung, C., Bartram, J., Figueras, M., Hunter, P., Kadar, M., Vargha, M., Salmon, R., Thomas, D.(2008) Epibathe Period 1 Activity Report Submitted to the European Community DG-RTD, Contract 022618, under Framework Programme 6, 225pp. (http://www.epibathe.eu/).
  7. Wyer, M.D. and Kay D. (2008). Assessment of bathing water quality for the States of Jersey 2007. A report to the States of Jersey Public Services Department. CREH. 3p Plus Figures, Tables and Appendices (30 pages). (Available online: http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Environment/Environmental+Protection/BathingWater.htm)

2007

  1. Wyer M, and Kay D. (2007). Assessment of relationships between virus and faecal indicator organism parameters in EU bathing waters. Virobathe Work Packege 8 Report. 9p Plus Figures and Tables (51 pages).
  2. Kay, D. and Fawell, J. (2007) Standards for Recreational Water Quality. Review of Current Knowledge (ROCK) Published by the Foundation for Water Research, UK. Report Reference FR/G005 24 pages. (Available online: https://www.secure-server- hosting.com/secutran/shopform/buy.php?shref=SH202779&shcc=883392)
  3. Stapleton, C.M., Kay, D., Kay, C., Francis, C. and Watkins, J. (2007) Partial source apportionment for faecal indicator fluxes into Loch Etive outer basin summer 2006, Published by Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum. Perthshire, Scotland, Project SARF 013a, 97p (in press)
  4. Stapleton, C. M and Kay, D. (2006) Assessment of catchment derived and point sources of faecal indicator organisms to the coastal waters off Pwllheli. Appendix 3 in:  Elliott, A., Hartnett, M., O’Riain, G., Dollard, B. PRISM – Predictive Irish Sea Models.  Final Report of the PRISM project http://www.prism.ie/Resources/Reports/PRISM%20final%20report.pdf (Final Report); http://www.prism.ie/Resources/Reports/A3.pdf (Appendix 3).
  5. Kay, D., Kershaw, S., Lee, R. and Wyer, M. (2007) Impact of intermittent discharges on the microbiological quality of shellfish. Published by UK Water Industry Research Ltd. Project code WW18a and available electronically from DEFRA (in press). ISBN: 1 84057 438 0. (Available online: http://www.ukwir.org/site/web/content/search)
  6. Stapleton C, Kay, D., Lin., Falconer, R, Watkins, J. Francis, C. and Wyer, M. (2007) Fate and Transport of Particles in Estuaries Volume I Summary and Conclusions.15p Environment Agency Science Project SC000002 and EPSRC Grant Reference GR/M99774. Environment Agency, Bristol. ISBN: 978-1-84432-687-7
  7. Wyer, M., Stapleton C., Kay, D., Lin. and Falconer, R. Yang, L., Watkins, J. Francis, C. (2007) Fate and Transport of Particles in Estuaries. Volume II Estimation of enterococci inputs to the Severn estuary from point and diffuse sources. Environment Agency Science Project SC000002 and EPSRC Grant Reference GR/M99774. Environment Agency, Bristol. ISBN: 978-1-84432-688-4
  8. Watkins, J., Francis, C. Paul, N., Jones, K., Kay D., Wyer, M., Humphrey, N. (2007) Fate and Transport of Particles in Estuaries. Volume III Laboratory experiments: enterococci decay rates and association with sediments. Environment Agency Science Project SC000002 and EPSRC Grant Reference GR/M99774. Environment Agency, Bristol. ISBN: 978-1-84432-689-1
  9. Yang. L., Falconer, R., Lin, B., Wyer, M., Stapleton C, Kay D. (2007) Fate and Transport of Particles in Estuaries. Volume IV Numerical modelling for bathing water enterococci estimation in the Severn Estuary. 69p Environment Agency Science Project SC000002 and EPSRC Grant Reference GR/M99774. Environment Agency, Bristol. ISBN: 978-1-84432-690-7.
  10. Stapleton, C.M., Kay, D., Kay, C., Francis, C. and Watkins, J. (2007) Partial source apportionment for faecal indicator fluxes into Loch Etive outer basin summer 2006, Published by Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum. Perthshire, Scotland, Project SARF 013a, 97p (in press)
  11. Lowe, N., Stapleton, C. M. and Kay, D. (2007) Reducing the amount of bacteria discharged from small sewage treatment works. ICREW Pilot Action 6 UK Final Report. Centre for Research into Environment and Health, University of Wales Aberystwyth. March 2006. ISBN: 978-1-84432-669-3. (Available online: http://www.icrew.info/documents/6/UKPA6_Final_Overall_Summary_Report.pdf)
  12. Stapleton, C. M., Lowe, N., Kay, D., and Watkins, J. (2007) Reducing the amount of bacteria discharged from small sewage treatment works: Results of field studies from ten treatment plants. ICREW Pilot Action 6 Technical Report. Centre for Research into Environment and Health, University of Wales Aberystwyth. March 2006. ISBN: 978-1-84432-669-3. (Available online: http://www.icrew.info/documents/6/UKPA6_Project_Final_Technical_Report.pdf)
  13. Lowe, N., Stapleton, C. M. and Kay, D. (2007) Reducing the amount of bacteria discharged from small sewage treatment works: Case Studies ICREW Pilot Action 6 Technical Report. Centre for Research into Environment and Health, University of Wales Aberystwyth. March 2006. ISBN: 978-1-84432-669-3. (Available online: http://www.icrew.info/documents/6/UKPA6_Final_Report_Case_Studies.pdf
  14. Wyer, M.D. and Kay D. (2007). Assessment of bathing water quality for the States of Jersey 2006. A report to the States of Jersey Public Services Department. CREH. 3p Plus Figures, Tables and Appendices (30 pages). (Available online: http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Environment/Environmental+Protection/BathingWater.htm
 

Other Research Contract Reports and Working Papers

2009

  1. Stapleton, C. M., Kay, D., Kay, C., Wyer, M.D., Davies, C. and Watkins, J. (2009) Scarborough and Bridlington numerical model empirical data collection project - Field survey data report. Report to Yorkshire Water Services and ARUP Ltd. Centre for Research into Environment and Health, University of Wales Aberystwyth.

2008

  1. Stapleton, C. M., Kay, D., Wyer, M.D., Kay, C., Davies, C., Francis, C. A. and Watkins, J. (2008) Quantitative source apportionment for faecal indicator fluxes into the Scarborough coastal zone.  Report to Yorkshire Water Services and ARUP Ltd. Centre for Research into Environment and Health, University of Wales Aberystwyth.
  2. Stapleton, C. M., Kay, D., Wyer, M.D., Kay, C., Davies, C., Francis, C. A., Watkins, J and McDonald, A. T. (2008)  Microbial tracer study of selected inputs into the Scarborough coastal zone. Report to Yorkshire Water Services and ARUP Ltd. Centre for Research into Environment and Health, University of Wales Aberystwyth.

2007

  1. Smith K, Kay D and Fewtrell L (2007) Examination of the microbiology of urban flood water components. EPSRC working paper (FRMRC), 39p

2006

  1. Fewtrell L and Kay D. (2006) Flooding and health – a review of the literature. ESPRC working paper (FRMRC), 59p
  2. Kay, D. and Watkins, A. (2006) Risk assessment of recreational use of the River Cherwell. Report for the Environment Agency, 8p.
  3. Kay, D. and Watkins, J. (2006) Microbial tracer investigations to assess the risk of microbial pathogen transmission in aerosols produced by a farm spray irrigation system. CREH Analytical report, 21p.
  4. Anthony, S. A., Crowther, J., Stapleton, C., Kay, D., Nicholson, F. A. and Chambers, B. J. (2006) A desk study assessment of the contribution of agriculture to bathing water failures under the Bathing Water Directive. Phase II. Final Report to the Department of Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Defra Project Code ES0140. ADAS Consulting Ltd. and Centre for Research into Environment and Health. September 2005. 19p.