Offer a semiotic analysis of the front covers of magazines, comparing different magazines targeted at demographic groups
representing different combinations of these factors: male/female, straight/gay or lesbian.
For general guidance about what is expected in your essays for this module,
see the
general criteria.
Please remember to avoid footnotes and to include an
alphabetical list of 'References' which have been cited in the text
(not a Bibliography of anything you have read for the essay). This list should include
author's names, date, book titles (in italics), place of publication and publisher.
Within the text always cite author's surname, date and page number. Double-space your
text and number your pages. For more detailed notes on writing essays in this
department, click
here.
For examples of essays by UWA students click
here.
Check the links at the
Media and Communication Studies Site.
Advice for this particular assignment:
The most relevant lecture for this topic is
Lecture 7.
The primary focus here should be on the detailed comparative analysis of well-matched magazine covers.
Compare/contrast several issues of two different magazines
representing one pair of contrasting readerships, e.g.:
straight male compared with gay male;
straight male compared with straight female;
lesbian compared with straight female;
lesbian compared with gay male. Try to keep other target demographic factors (such as age and disposable income)
as similar as possible. Try to obtain recent statistics on the demographics of the target readership of each
magazine (e.g. from the
National Readership Survey).
Remember that contrasting
specific pairs of images can help you to notice features. The issue of 'who is looking
at whom' (and how) should be explored - see
my notes on 'The Gaze'. Make it explicit
which demographic groups the magazines you are comparing are aimed at - e.g.
'A comparison of the front covers of magazines targeted at straight adult males
with those targeted at straight adult females'). Decide whether to focus on a
specific issue - such as the stance and gaze of depicted figures - or
more generally on an issue such as layout.
In your analysis of examples you are expected to demonstrate your
understanding of relevant semiotic concepts. These are likely to include codes, markedness and the commutation test.
For instance, you may comment on what effect it might have if a particular element of one magazine's cover were to
appear on the other one (this is a commutation test): where such substitutions feel most strange you have touched on
a key signifier.
Do not waste space explaining concepts with which the reader can be expected to be familiar.
In the way in which you use the term
'representation' demonstrate your understanding of this
problematic concept. Do not slip into a naive gender essentialism.
What do the contrasts you have
noted reveal about the construction involved in representation (e.g. the construction of
gender)?
If you (or friends) happen to have a collection of
relevant magazines, you may include some reference to patterns of representation which
can be observed in a whole series of such images over time. Does there seem to be a
'formula' for such covers on a particular magazine? Feel free to discuss your
observations with friends who read the same magazines.
Where possible, include the covers themselves
(or reproductions of them) at least as appendices to your text (you may scan covers
into your document). You may also find it helpful to make some of your points by including
cropped close-ups of different aspects of the covers.
Some suggested reading
- Argyle, Michael (1975)
Bodily Communication (2nd edn.). London: Methuen
- Argyle, Michael (1983)
The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour(4th edn.).
Harmondsworth: Penguin
- Anderson Digby C & Michael Mosbacher (Eds) (1997)
The British Woman Today: A Qualitative Survey of the Images in Women's Magazines.
London: Social Affairs Unit
[see Redfern below for a critique]
- Beasley, Ron, Marcel Danesi & Paul Perron (2000)
Signs for Sale: An Outline of Semiotic Analysis for Advertisers and Marketers. New York: Legas
- Benwell, Bethan (Ed) (2003)
Masculinity and Men's Lifestyle Magazines.
Oxford: Blackwell
- Berger, John (1972)
Ways of Seeing. London: BBC/Harmondsworth: Penguin
- Beynon, John (2002)
Masculinities and Culture. Buckingham: Open University Press
- Bignell, Jonathan (1997)
Media Semiotics: An Introduction.
Manchester: Manchester University Press [caution - labels photographic media as primarily iconic rather than primarily indexical]
- Chandler, Daniel (1998) 'Codes'. In Semiotics for Beginners.
[WWW document] URL
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem08.html
- Chandler, Daniel (1998): 'Notes on "the Gaze"'. [WWW document] URL
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze.html [essential background reading!]
- Chandler, Daniel (2007)
Semiotics: The Basics (2nd Edn.). London: Routledge
- Cook, Guy (1992)
The Discourse of Advertising. London: Routledge
- Courtney, Alice E & Thomas W Whipple (1983)
Sex Stereotyping in Advertising. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
- Crewe, Ben (2003)
Representing Men: Cultural Production and Producers in the Men's Magazine Market. Oxford: Berg
- Denzin, Norman K (1995)
The Cinematic Society: The Voyeur's Gaze. London: Sage
- Dyer, Gillian (1982)
Advertising as Communication. London:
Routledge [caution - labels photographic media as primarily iconic rather than primarily indexical]
- Dyer, Richard (1992) 'Don't Look Now: The Male Pin-Up'. In
Only Entertainment. London: Routledge
- Ferguson, Marjorie (1983)
Forever Feminine: Women's Magazines and the Cult of Femininity.
London: Heinemann
- Gamman, Lorraine & Margaret Marshment (Eds.) (1987)
The Female Gaze: Women as Viewers of Popular Culture. London: Women's Press
- Hecker, Sidney & David W Stewart (Eds) (1988)
Nonverbal Communication in Advertising. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books/D C Heath
- Heller, Steven (Ed) (2000)
Sex Appeal: The Art of Allure in Graphic and Advertising Design.
New York: Allworth Press
- Henley, Nancy M (1977)
Body Politics: Power, Sex and Nonverbal Communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
- Hermes, Joke (1995)
Reading Women's Magazines. Cambridge: Polity Press
- Horne, Peter & Reina Lewis (Eds) (1996)
Outlooks: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities and Visual Culture.
London: Routledge
- Jackson, Peter, Nick Stevenson & Kate Brooks (2001)
Making Sense of Men's Magazines. Cambridge: Polity
- Jhally, Sut (1990)
The Codes of Advertising. London:
Routledge
- Jones, Dylan (Ed) (1996)
Sex, Power and Travel: Ten Years of 'Arena'.
London: Virgin
- Kitch, Carolyn (2001)
The Girl on the Magazine Cover.
Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press
- Kress, Gunther & Theo Van Leeuwen (1996)
Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge
- Leiss, William, Stephen Kline & Sut Jhally (1990)
Social Communication in Advertising. London: Routledge
- McCracken, Ellen (1993)
Decoding Women's Magazines: From 'Mademoiselle' to 'Ms'. Basingstoke: Macmillan
- McRobbie, Angela (1991)
Feminism and Youth Culture: From 'Jackie' to 'Just Seventeen'.
London: Macmillan
- McRobbie, Angela (1996) 'More! New Sexualities in Girls' and Women's
Magazines'. In James Curran, David Morley & Valerie Walkerdine (Eds.)
Cultural Studies and Communications. London: Arnold, pp. 172-194
- Messaris, Paul (1997)
Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising. Thousand Oaks: Sage
- Millum, Trevor (1975)
Images of Woman: Advertising in Women's Magazines. London: Chatto & Windus
- Mulvey, Laura (1989)
Visual and Other Pleasures. London: Macmillan
- Nelson, Audrey with Susan K Golant (2004)
You Don't Say: Navigating Nonverbal Communication Between the Sexes. New York: Prentice Hall
- Nixon, Sean (1996)
Hard Looks: Masculinities, Spectatorship and Contemporary Consumption.
New York: St Martin's Press
- Pranger, Brian (1990)
The Arena of Masculinity. London: GMP
- Redfern, Catherine (2001) 'The British Woman Today: A Qualitative Survey of the Images in Women's Magazines
[review]' . In The F-Word: Conteporary UK Feminism [WWW document] URL
http://www.thefword.org.uk/reviews/2001/06/the_british_woman_today_a_qualitative_survey_of_the_images_in_womens_magazines
- Reichert, Tom & Jacqueline Lambiase (Eds) (2003)
Sex in Advertising: Perspectives on the Erotic Appeal. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
- Sturken, Marita & Lisa Cartwright (2001)
Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
Note: Treat with extreme caution sources labelled with this symbol!
