Aims and objectives
To make students aware of the sources and problems caused by the main chemical and biological contaminants that degrade the quality of terrestrial and aquatic systems and the need to set environmental standards; to explain the importance of using appropriate sampling and analytical techniques to quantify problems and to demonstrate that scientific rigour in sampling and analysis is fundamental to the reliable interpretation and assessment of specific problems.

Content
The main classes of contaminants of land, air and water will be identified. The differences in character and properties between these environments will be discussed with particular reference to the setting of environmental standards. The different facets of water quality will be explored particularly in relation to pathogens present, contaminants which increase BOD and potentially toxic elements and compounds. The range of analytical techniques used in monitoring soil and water quality will be outlined but the main focus will be on critical aspects of sampling and methodology which affect the reliability of data prodcued and the conclusions which are based on them.

A series of practicals will give students experience in sampling and data interpretation.

Learning outcomes
On compeltion of the course, students will

• be aware of and appreciate the significance of the important contaminants that affect the quality of air and land and water resources
• have training in a wide range of sampling strategies and the key questions to be resolved before decisions on sampling are made
• have an overview of the range of analytical techniques used in environmental monitoring and ve ware of factors affecting accuracy and precision
• have achieved competence in transforming and interpreting raw analytical data.