Introduction to Statistics

Wedi cwblhau'r modiwl dylai'r myfyrwyr fedru:

1. summarise and present a data set;
2. calculate various summary measures for grouped and ungrouped data;
3. construct and interpret statistical diagrams;
4. fit a straight line to suitable data;
5. calculate and interpret correlations;
6. describe and illustrate basic probability concepts;
7. use statistical tables;
8. carry out and interpret the results of basic statistical tests;
9. use and interpret the output from statistical software.

This module introduces statistical methods and their application, together with the use of statistical computer software. The software package MINITAB is used in practical classes.

To introduce students to statistical methods and to appreciate their importance.

1. STATISTICAL DIAGRAMS. Pie charts; simple multiple and stacked bar charts; histograms; cumulative polygons; stem and leaf diagrams.
2. SUMMARY MEASURES. Minimum, maximum, median, quartiles, percentiles; five number summaries and box-and-whisker plots; mean and mode; variance and standard deviation; calculations from grouped data.
3. SCATTERPOLTS, REGRESSION AND CORRELATION. Scatterplots; the idea of a line of best fit; importance of the mean point; least squares regression; the existence of two regression lines for bivariate data; correlation and its measurement; the (product moment) correlation coefficient; Spearman’s rank correlation.
4. PROBABILITY. Definition and properties; unions and intersections; mutually exclusive events; the addition law; independent events; the multiplication law; equally likely outcomes; conditional probability; Bayes’s theorem; the Central Limit theorem; the Normal distribution.
5. STATISTICAL INFERENCE. Basic ideas; informal inference based on two standard deviations; formal p-values; goodness of fit; the idea of a confidence interval.
6. TIME SERIES DATA. Plotting time series; the idea of a moving average; smoothing.
The computer package MINITAB: introduction, producing and interpreting diagrams and tables, producing and interpreting summary measures; regression and correlation; output from formal procedures such as z-,t-,chi-squared- and F-tests.

Mae'r modiwl hwn yn cydymffurfio a FfCChC Lefel 3